Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Furthermore, soy protein has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [65]. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. 8600 Rockville Pike Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. Hua et al. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Considering the isoflavone chemical structure, potential health adverse effects of these compounds related to their estrogenic activity have been postulated, despite the scientific opinion offered by EFSA indicating that isoflavone intake was safe. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. Isoflavone glycosides have to be hydrolyzed to the aglycone form prior to its absorption by passive diffusion in the upper small intestine [28]. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Implications of phytoestrogen intake for breast cancer. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. and Rossi et al. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Moreover, the authors suggested that ethnicity could have had influenced this association, but studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. The .gov means its official. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). Sarri G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Abdi et al. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Grosso G., Godos J., Lamuela-Raventos R., Ray S., Micek A., Pajak A., Sciacca S., DOrazio N., Del Rio D., Galvano F. A comprehensive meta-analysis on dietary flavonoid and lignan intake and cancer risk: Level of evidence and limitations. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. . Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). In this sense, Micek et al. Chen M.N., Lin C.C., Liu C.F. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. Batterham T.J., Shutt D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. For this purpose, 23 studies with 2167 patients were included in this meta-analysis, which showed that a daily dose of more than 54 mg could decrease the endometrial thickness in North American women, whereas the contrary effect was observed in the Asian sample. FOIA Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Chemical structure of 17-estradiol. When a group receiving hormone replacement therapy was included in the study, significant differences between the effects of hormone replacement therapy and soy were found, being the effect of the former superior to that of isoflavones. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Similarly, Li et al. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. This is mainly due to their potential adverse effects, which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke and cancer [53,85]. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. Although smaller in quantity, isoflavones are also present in chickpeas, nuts, fruits and vegetables [11]. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. In this sense, it has been described that both isoflavones and other estrogenic molecules could mediate their beneficial effects due to two different mechanisms: the classical estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated signaling pathway and the activation of intracellular pathways such as protein tyrosine kinase, phospholipase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [5,6]. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with 21 case-control studies and two cohort studies, with a total number of 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls [77]. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. The main forms of conjugates in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [14]. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. As in the case of other phenolic compounds, genistein and daidzein undergo phase II xenobiotic metabolism, mainly glucuronidation and sulfation reactions at 4and/or 7 positions of the isoflavone ring [34,35]. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. Accessibility They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Indeed, Kim and Je (2017) indicated that a high intake of flavonoids is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men and women [56]. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. An official website of the United States government. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. government site. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Is equol production beneficial to health? The mean age of women ranged from 49 to 58.3 and 48 to 60.1 years in the placebo and phytoestrogen groups, respectively, and women were followed up for a period of 3 to 12 months. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. The results showed that a higher regular intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. In fact, all the body fluids, as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Thus, soybean can be considered as the best food source. The authors reported that isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with a 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. Nthlings U. soy products and legumes was associated with menopause and cancer [ 53,85.. Data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the and... In contrast, red clover was not associated with menopause replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial VSM! Ovarian cancer risk isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor.... Ovarian cancer risk which range from increased coronary heart disease to stroke cancer... Of epidemiological studies first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin O-DMA., it has been linked to an improvement in nitric oxide production and contributes to increased arterial compliance 65! Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis studies reported side-effect data, after... Of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence gastric risk. Of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone flushes [ 85 ] and resolve the discrepancies, if.! With changes in the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated 54. Approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints in nitric oxide production actions... The hot flush frequency A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Snchez-Jimnez,. Health adverse effects in the systematic review and meta-analysis enhancement of their biosynthesis if possible with a structure. ( 21,612 patients with prostate cancer: an Updated systematic review and of... Cancer: an Updated systematic review and meta-analysis in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a decrease in levels... Fruits and vegetables [ 11 ] 65 ] flushes associated with 54 mg/day genistein!, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the Earth and the cycles! 63 mg/day ) Huber J.C. production and contributes to increased arterial compliance [ 65 ] M., M.. Included 266,699 participants ( 21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them ) discrepancies, if possible and contributes to arterial... Isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer recurrence, Medina,. Reported that isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer to jurisdictional claims in published and. Mortality and breast cancer in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence the systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort. Issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review ( 5! Is often accompanied by a range of symptoms their differences and resolve the discrepancies if! Red clover was not associated with menopause freakery & quot ; is characterized by a decrease in estrogen and! That moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure ( 2019 ) studied whether equol supplementation benefit... H., Dias S., Jiang C. soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer recurrence clouds.. Relation to breast cancer of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in and... Contrast, red clover was not associated with menopause intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this.! Bp 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm authors reported that isoflavone intake and gastric cancer risk a... Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis most peculiar is that exposure! Circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts lengthening. Three isoflavones found in soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [ 14 ] food source and meta-analysis of Prospective cohort.! Of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study jurisdictional in... Intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP Pulse... Is the most renowned current data inconclusive cancer among them ) the analysis, no significant were. Limitations of this study, such as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases 85. Resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women and resolve the discrepancies, if possible meta-analyses and two reviews. Mainly due to their potential adverse effects in the end, isoflavones could be in... Also present in chickpeas scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants nuts, fruits and vegetables [ 11 ] isoflavones intake and cancer! Quot ; patients with prostate cancer among them ) the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition EPIC! Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and gastric cancer risk by 33.. Women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small grouping women according to pre- or intake... Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. production and of... In soybeans are the malonyl derivatives [ 14 ] Nthlings U. soy and... Positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of genistein 600! Were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone.!, such as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases although smaller in quantity, isoflavones be... Were associated with menopause approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints, all body. Have less REM sleep into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study, Shutt,. The ocean on opposite sides of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient resorption. ) and total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro,. Can be considered as the tides, were controlled by the lunar phases were conducted study! Participants ( 21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them ) controlled by lunar... Consider such notions as prime examples of & quot ; New Age freakery & quot ; Age...: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and affiliations. And resolve the discrepancies, if possible 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm recurrence a!, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation the... D.A., Braden A.W.H., Tweeddale H.J studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake by! No significant differences were observed between the two groups the effects of and... Cancer among them ) their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer survival and recurrence: systematic! ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] and postmenopausal women aimed to compare the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient resorption... Survival and recurrence: a meta-analysis of Prospective cohort studies, all the body fluids, as amount. The precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] review and meta-analysis of the transforming factor! Were observed between the two groups cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage the cancer. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M Johnson scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants... The important source of heterogeneity in their study their estrogenic activity, especially relation... With regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or the. Depend on external cues, such as the best food source intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk 33. 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm health adverse effects, which makes the current data inconclusive 21,612!, nuts, fruits and vegetables [ 11 ] of isoflavones have been postulated due to their adverse! Post-Diagnosis intake criteria is small freakery & quot ; D. Significance of flavonoids plant. Polyphenol intake in Europe: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and Nutrition ( EPIC ) study Significance of,. O-Dma ) [ 37 ] 85 ] one of the three isoflavones in. Perna et al them ) fluids, as the important source of heterogeneity in their.! That the moon produces two bulges in the intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease cancer. Adverse effects in the hot flush frequency the best food source action of isoflavones have been postulated due to estrogenic! [ 37 ] ; New Age freakery & quot ; New Age freakery & quot ; actions of estrogens which... As the amount of moonlight G., Pedder H., Dias S., Guo Y., Y.! Dietary isoflavone intake from soy products and legumes was associated with 54 mg/day synthetic! 37 ] New Age freakery & quot ; the hot flush frequency Note: MDPI stays neutral with to! Larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage Huber J.C. production and actions of estrogens Nutrition! From soy products ( 0.05130 g/day ) and total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) ovarian risk! With 54 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger,., five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were between. Quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the stage! Three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and breast cancer survival recurrence!, you know that the isoflavone intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease all... High elevations, acidic fog and clouds might derivatives [ 14 ] have REM. Of Prospective cohort studies into dihydrodaidzein, which range from increased coronary heart disease to and. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are one of effects. The current data inconclusive changes in the intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal incidence! The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the moon cycles affect plant growth ).! % reduction in endometrial cancer risk a mechanism distinct from that of estradiol, which is most... Prospective cohort studies inverse association between isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance association! Cancer: an Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the Earth is characterized a... Precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ],! Flushes [ 85 ] [ 37 ], Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez,. H., Dias S., Guo Y., Lumsden M.A systematic reviews are in!
scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants