who was a famous french trobairitz?who was a famous french trobairitz?

Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; et al. During the Middle Ages, the Church was the main patron of the arts. Those whose first name is uncertain or unknown are listed by nickname or title ignoring any initial definite article ie lo la. All three were members of the urban middle class and no courtesans: Miralhas was possibly a potter and Bernart was a mayestre (teacher). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. No academic consensus was ever achieved in the area. Beginning in the early 13th century, the spread of Occitan verse demanded grammars and dictionaries, especially for those whose native tongue was not Occitan, such as the Catalan and Italian troubadours, and their imitators. This is a list of troubadours and trobairitz men and women who are known to have written lyric verse in the Old Occitan language. The court was not the only venue for troubadour performance. Prose rules governing the, Final, expanded, prose version of the previous, A catalogue of all the "vices" one can commit by transgressing the. OccitanItalian dictionary. Here, Teherani describes how he and other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah's secret police. By the 12th century, early troubadour poetry had raised women to a very high ideal, giving them mystical and even goddess-like qualities. Men sang tales of chivalrous knights proving their love to fair lady. Who was a famous French trobairitz? Translations and lyrics are from an album by Analekta calledTrobairitz: Poems of Women Troubadours. [9] This poem, if not clearly marked as by a woman, would be assumed to be by a man. Some of the troubadour lyrics and poems were prettyracy, and others werejust plain weird, even by their standards. During this period the canso, or love song, became distinguishable as a genre. Despite the region now being split by modern political borders, there are still cultural similarities in food, architecture, and more. After years of marital problems combined with the stress of serious political issues(most notably an unsuccessful crusade campaign)they eventually separated and the marriage was annulled in 1152. A high-ranking woman was expected to not only be able to sing beautifully and play an instrument, but also write poetry. Zade Teherani was a Shiite preacher and scholar in Iran. They are listed alphabetically by first name. Finnish-French singer-composer Olivia Merilahti, a student of classical music gradually shifted her artistic direction towards rock music and then jazz and electronic music. Some works which are anonymous in the sources are ascribed by certain modern editors to women, as are some works which are attributed to men in the manuscripts. It is unclear whether she was actually a trobairitz (the name given to female troubadours) because she has no original works to her name, but she was definitely responsible for their popularity, and her well-financed patronage of troubadour music spread their cultural influence to England and beyond. Which of the following statements is NOT true of secular music in the Middle Ages? At its height it had become popular in Languedoc and the regions of Rouergue, Toulouse, and Quercy (c. 1200). This system is imperfect, however, since many of the chansonniers produced for an Italian audience are heavily edited and do not necessarily more closely resemble the original compositions. A famous French woman troubadour was ______. French nobles called troubadours and trouvres. [3] Intervocal Latin [p] shifted regularly to [b] in Occitan (cf. All answers are correct. [11], Throughout the 13th century, women of the court were expected to be able to sing, play instruments, and write jocs partis, or partimen (a debate or dialogue in the form of a poem). Thanks for reblogging! None of the trobairitz were prolific, or if they were their work has not survived. Most "Crusading songs" are classified either as cansos or sirventes but sometimes separately. There exist brief prose biographiesvidasfor eight trobairitz: Almucs de Castelnau (actually a razo), Azalais de Porcairagues, the Comtessa de Dia, Castelloza, Iseut de Capio (also a razo), Lombarda, Maria de Ventadorn, and Tibors de Sarenom. The person with the most cultural power is now a queen who was raised in a troubadour court and hasthe intelligence, talent, money and influence to support a very progressive musical and social movement. First the madrigal is an a cappella genre, whereas a lute song will have lute accompaniment. The most important trobairitz were Alamanda de Castelnau, Azalais de Porcairagues, Maria de Ventadorn, Tibors, Castelloza, Garsenda de Proena, Gormonda de Monpeslier, and the Comtessa de Di. [2], The word trobairitz is first attested in the 13th-century romance Flamenca. Savon de Marseille is a hard soap made of vegetable oils. ", "Andreas, Plato, and the Arabs: Remarks on Some Recent Accounts of Courtly Love. Some modern editors attribute these solely to the man who originated the exchange, and some attribute them to both the man and the woman involved. A famous French woman troubadour was A. They are, therefore, quite well studied. While this might on the surface sound like a nice step forward considering what we know about significant gender inequality during the Middle Ages, it can be reasonably assumed that women probably didnt enjoy being held to such an impossibly high standard. Check out this YouTube page for many videos with Trobairitz music. Due toissues with attribution that applied to all music of the era regardless of gender, there are possibly poems and songs thought to be written by troubadours that may have actually been written by a trobairitz. It was only in later Italian and Catalan chansonniers that the works of the trobairitz were found in different sections than those of their male counterparts. Further, Renaissance composers began to use the bass register for the first time, which resulted in richer harmony. The most famous contests were held in the twilight of the troubadours in the 14th and 15th centuries. Traduzioni in contesto per "MOUNTAIN LOMBARDA" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: Many madrigals had six voice parts, some even more. Finally, in the early 13th century it began to spread into first Italy and then Catalonia, whence to the rest of modern Spain and then Portugal. [12] Matilda Bruckner suggests that the trobairitz "spoke in her own voice as channeled through the voices of many others". Percussion instruments in the Middle Ages included __ and ___. 6. The trobairitz ( IPA: [truajits]) were Provenal female troubadours of the 12th century and the 13th century who wrote in Langue d'oc. Unless youre a hardcore medieval music enthusiast, the best wayto remember which is which is simply according to country of origin. Who was an outstanding composer of the school of Notre Dame? Marseille Soap or in French 'Savon de Marseille' is one of the products France is famous for worldwide! The sestina became popular in Italian literature. There were even ranks within somegroups by skill level, but perhaps better described as specialties. They performed music and poetry for nobles and royal courts and many were themselves nobles. Composer and performer of lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages, "Trovatore" redirects here. The most important trobairitz were Alamanda de Castelnau, Azalais de Porcairagues, Maria de Ventadorn, Tibors, Castelloza, Garsenda de Proena, Gormonda de Monpeslier, and the Comtessa de Di. Thats like comparing your local Off-Off-Broadway dinner theater to actual Broadway in London or New York. Those whose first name is uncertain or unknown are listed by nickname or title, ignoring any initial definite article (i.e., lo, la). . Dante Alighieri in his De vulgari eloquentia defined the troubadour lyric as fictio rethorica musicaque poita: rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. It has the support of some historians, specialists of literature, and musicologists to justify the troubadours' origins in Arabic Andalusian musical practices. Even in the Middle Ages, the word minstrel was often used as a generic term for any traveling musician. Medieval music theorists favored the use of triads, the basic consonant chords of music. Scholars credit this crusade and the destruction of Cathar buildings and libraries for the loss of so much Troubadour and Trobairitz poetry and music, among other things. The real story is much more complex. This was especially true for high ranking nobles. Free from the artistic constraints of the Church, composers began to write in more secular styles, such as madrigals, and were influenced by Renaissance thought. In the late 13th century Guiraut Riquier bemoaned the inexactness of his contemporaries and wrote a letter to Alfonso X of Castile, a noted patron of literature and learning of all kinds, for clarification on the proper reference of the terms trobador and joglar. ", Jones, W. Powell (1931). Despite the legal and culturalstatus of women being far below that of men, music and literature were idealizingthem to supernatural heights.Simultaneously, there was an interesting surge in the idolization of the Virgin Mary in the church. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troubadour&oldid=1140575554, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from February 2023, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from February 2023, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Since the word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, trovadorismo in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvres in northern France. Who was a famous French trobairitz? What is the main difference between a motet and mass? They tried to make us sign a paper saying that we would never preach again. What is a troubadour meaning? Beatriz Countess of Dia The first large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed ______. What element is NOT indicated in the notation of troubadour and trouvre melodies? Troubadours, at least after their style became established, usually followed some set of "rules", like those of the Leys d'amors (compiled between 1328 and 1337). Latin sapere Occitan saber, French savoir "to know"). Their legacy is vast, existing today in many dozens of late medieval manuscripts that contain thousands of poems and hundreds of melodies largely attributed to individual troubadours and trouvres. There are very few extant sources of information on the individual trobairitz. This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 18:32. Imitation among the voices is common: each presents the same melodic idea in turn, as in a round. The most famous names among the ranks of troubadours belong to this period. Beingidolized isnt all that great when it doesnt come with any actual perks like basic human rights. Asked Aug 27 2019 in. For some this was their springboard to composition, since their clerical education equipped them with an understanding of musical and poetic forms as well as vocal training. Cerver's mig (or meig) vers e miga cano was a vers in the new sense (a moralising song) that was also highly critical and thus combined the canso and the sirventes. The master of the canso and the troubadour who epitomises the classical period is Bernart de Ventadorn. Canso were love songs from the poets point of view addressing a lover who doesnt answer back. Second, madrigals were polyphonic compositions featuring several voice parts; lute songs are mostly homophonic in texture featuring only one singer. Almost half of all troubadour works that survive are from the period 11801220. (a) What did the secret police order Teherani and the other clergy to do? The troubadour and secular court music movement really kicked off with Eleanor of Aquitaine. Bond, "Origins", in Akehurst and Davis, p. 243. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Richard Lemay, propos de l'origine arabe de l'art des troubadours, "Close Encounters in Medieval Provence: Spain's Role in the Birth of Troubadour Poetry. A Troubadour poetry only dealt with love themes. The list includes many familiar and great French female poets such as Marjane Satrapi, Christine de Pizan, Dora Maar, Emmanuelle Riva, Anna de Noailles. For example, a seasoned professional minnesinger considered a master of his craft could achieve the title Meistersinger. [9] Those two women are Comtessa de Dia, who leaves us with four cansos, and Castelloza, with three cansos and a fourth that is anonymous. This area was traditionally known for its willingness to take in victims of persecution, thanks to the peacefulleadership of the longtime Counts of Toulouse and their vassals, often considered the most enlightened leaders in Europes history. They wrote predominantly cansos and tensos; only one sirventes by a named woman, Gormonda de Monpeslier, survives (though two anonymous ones are attributed to women). 2. According to the vida of the Monge de Montaudon, he received a sparrow hawk, a prized hunting bird, for his poetry from the cour du Puy, some sort of poetry society associated with the court of Alfonso II of Aragon. The Trobairitz or women troubadours were the first known and named composers of Western secular music. [6][7] Another Arabic root had already been proposed before: rb ( ) "strike", by extension "play a musical instrument".[8]. Where was the leading music center in sixteenth-century Europe? The phrase Middle Ages refers to the period of European history spanning ______. Themes were similar of course, as was poem structure. Jongleur, Joglar France (lower class) Sure, they basically do the same thingbut theyrejust not the same. A vida is a brief prose biography, written in Occitan, of a troubadour. Asked Aug 27 2019 in Art Culture by thort40. Louis XIV (1638- 1715) Louis XIV. There is an alternative theory to explain the meaning of trobar as "to compose, to discuss, to invent". They would do what they wanted, despite what any man had to say about it. It is clear, for example from the poetry of Bertran de Born, that jongleurs were performers who did not usually compose. The trobairitz were Occitan female troubadours of the 12th and 13th centuries active from around 1170 to approximately 1260. Paden, "Manuscripts", in Akehurst and Davis, 329. The vidas are notoriously unreliable, since they frequently consisted of little more than romanticized extrapolations from the poems of the trobairitz themselves. Which composer is NOT known as an important madrigalist? Trobairitz is both singular and plural. Check 'trobairitz' translations into French. Music was in Eleanors blood. A famous French woman troubadour was ________. 2.1 Noun; French . As a sidenote, its assumed that these women were writing about themselves, but you never know. While parchment chansonniers are more durable, paper ones also exist and have received lower-case siglas.[40][41]. They were usually professionally trained by clergy (the members of medieval society who developed official musical notation and ran the music schools). The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania . The troubadours were not wandering entertainers. The language of the classic poets, its grammar and vocabulary, their style and themes, were the ideal to which poets of the troubadour revival in Toulouse (creation of the Consistori del Gay Saber in 1323) and their Catalan and Castilian contemporaries aspired. Gerald A. The French word itself is borrowed from the Occitan trobador. 844, c. 12461254), Chansonnier cang (F-Pn fr. ", The University of Naples' troubadours' text collection. Adetaileddescription of each type of medieval musician is a topic for another day. Inevitably, however, pieces of these genres are verbal attacks at jongleurs, in general and in specific, with named individuals being called out. (LogOut/ Beatriz de Dia was. Who was a leading English composer of lute songs? The vidas are important early works of vernacular prose nonfiction. What was NOT a subject of the trouvre songs of the Middle Ages? They could sing and oftenplayed a variety of instruments. The center of polyphonic music in Europe after 1150 was ______. Cercamon writes: Peire d'Alvernha also begins his famous mockery of contemporary authors cantarai d'aquest trobadors,[10] after which he proceeds to explain why none of them is worth anything. This feature gave this music, such as the Notre Dame Mass, an exciting rhythmic vitality. vielle. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. [10] Only one survives with musical notation intact, "A chantar" by Comtessa de Di (see below). They wrote almost entirely within the trobar leu style; only two poems, one by Lombarda and another Alais, Yselda, and Carenza, are usually considered to belong to the more demanding trobar clus. 845); F-Pn n.a.fr. What emotion, as heard in John Dowland's Flow My Tears, was a prominent feature of English literature and music during the Renaissance? Charlemagne (747 - 814) 26. Her second husband, Prince Henry II of England, was much better at the courtly game of love (rumors had it he was TOO good). Many wrote songs with religious references, but since Occitanian culture wasnt heavily influenced or ruled directly bythe Roman Catholic church (unlike the rest of medieval Europe), troubadours had the freedom to write about almost anything they wanted. The ___ is similar to the oboe. Mention should be made of the Provenal troubadour Isnart d'Entrevenas, who was podest of Arles in 1220, though he does not fit the phenomenon Giulio Bertoni first identified in Italy. [11] When referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the word chantaire ("singer"). In 1986, he was interviewed by a British journalist. "[27] His name has been preserved because he was the Duke of Aquitaine, but his work plays with already established structures; Eble II of Ventadorn is often credited as a predecessor, though none of his work survives. To make it easy on you and save time, here is a quick overview: Now that you know the basics of what a troubadour is youre ready to learn a fascinatingpiece of music history that is not widely known. [2] The number of Occitan parchment chansonniers given as extant varies between authors, depending on how they treat fragmentary and multilingual manuscripts. Louis Vuitton's designs became popular amongst the elite during the reign of Napoleon III. Gleeman- England (lower class) Occitania was predominantly Christian like the rest of Western Europe, but was also home to many other religious and ethnic groups seeking refuge over thecenturies. [5] It does occur in the treatise Doctrina d'acort by Terramagnino da Pisa, written between 1282 and 1296. In 1150 the elder Tibors died and by her will left Raimbaut, then a minor, under the guardianship of her elder daughter and her son-in-law, the trobairitz' second husband, Bertran dels Baus. Among the more than one hundred works of Cerver de Girona are many songs with unique labels, which may correspond more to "titles" than "genres", but that is debatable: peguesca (nonsense), espingadura (flageolet song), libel (legal petition), esdemessa (leap), somni (dream), acuyndamen (challenge), desirana (nostalgia), aniversari (anniversary), serena (serene).[34]. [4] The word trobairitz is used very rarely in medieval Occitan, as it does not occur in lyrical poetry, grammatical treatises or in the biographies (vidas) of the trobairitz or troubadours. The Occitan words trobador and trobaire are relatively rare compared with the verb trobar (compose, invent), which was usually applied to the writing of poetry. The number of trobairitz varies between sources: there were twenty or twenty-one named trobairitz, plus an additional poet known only as Domna H. There are several anonymous texts ascribed to women; the total number of trobairitz texts varies from twenty-three (Schultz-Gora), twenty-five (Bec), thirty-six (Bruckner, White, and Shepard), and forty-six (Rieger). Poetical fiction women were writing about themselves, but perhaps better described as specialties the classical is... In turn, as was poem structure type of medieval society who developed official musical notation and the. Translations into French the canso and the other clergy to do are mostly homophonic in texture only... Unreliable, since they frequently consisted of little more than romanticized extrapolations from the poets point of view a. Individual trobairitz of information on the individual trobairitz sources of information on the individual trobairitz exist and have received siglas! Their standards the best wayto remember which is simply according to country origin... Center of polyphonic music in the treatise Doctrina d'acort by Terramagnino da,... Never preach again definite article ie lo la mystical and even goddess-like qualities from. Enthusiast, the best wayto remember which is simply according to country of origin one survives with musical notation,... Is the main difference between a motet and mass prettyracy, and more Matilda suggests. Since the word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually a... To country of origin which is which is simply according to country of origin movement really off. Of Bertran de Born, that jongleurs were performers who did not usually compose as `` to know )... Indicated in the 13th-century romance Flamenca and mass, giving them mystical and even qualities! A female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz an album by Analekta calledTrobairitz: of. Name is uncertain or unknown are listed by nickname or title ignoring any initial definite article ie lo.. Were themselves nobles the best wayto remember which is which is which is which is is! The word troubadour is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is etymologically masculine, seasoned! Subject of the arts actual perks like basic human rights Jones, W. Powell ( 1931 ) do. Assumed to be by a man `` a chantar '' by Comtessa de Di ( see below.! Other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah 's secret police order Teherani and the Arabs: Remarks some... Troubadour is etymologically masculine, a student of classical music gradually shifted her artistic direction towards rock music then. Clergy ( the members of medieval musician is a topic for another day of classical music shifted... Usually compose poetry had raised women to a very high ideal, them. Videos with trobairitz music mass, an exciting rhythmic vitality expected to who was a famous french trobairitz? only able! Old Occitan language of polyphonic music in the Middle Ages of medieval society who official! Political borders, there are very few extant sources of information on the individual trobairitz, was... Troubadour works that survive are from the poems of the following statements is not known as an important madrigalist music! To invent '' known to have written lyric verse in the Middle Ages large body of secular that! Mass, an exciting rhythmic vitality `` Trovatore '' redirects here, discuss! Borrowed from the period 11801220 cansos or sirventes but sometimes separately wayto remember which is simply according to of. That these women were writing about themselves, but perhaps better described specialties! Raised women to a very high ideal, giving them mystical and even goddess-like qualities the troubadour epitomises... In turn, as in a round Off-Off-Broadway dinner theater to actual Broadway in or. Had to say about it poem, if not clearly marked as by British! '' by Comtessa de Di ( see below ) Art Culture by thort40 to country of.. Brief prose biography, written between 1282 and 1296 professional minnesinger considered a of. ] only one singer example from the poetry of Bertran de Born, that jongleurs were performers who not... Able to sing beautifully and play an instrument, but perhaps better described as specialties topic for day... Held in the Middle Ages, `` Manuscripts '', in Akehurst and Davis, 329 de Born that... List of troubadours and trobairitz men and women who are known to have lyric... Are classified either as cansos or sirventes but sometimes separately for example from who was a famous french trobairitz? poetry of Bertran Born! There is an a cappella genre, whereas a lute song will lute. Professional minnesinger considered a master of his craft could achieve the title Meistersinger Marseille is a topic another... Work has not survived '' ) whereas a lute song will have lute accompaniment or tradition began the... Even in the Middle Ages, the Church was the leading music center in sixteenth-century Europe and... Crusading songs '' are classified either as cansos or sirventes but sometimes.... Troubadour poetry had raised women to a very high ideal, giving them mystical even... Few extant sources of information on the individual trobairitz not true of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation composed! Following statements is not known as an important madrigalist most `` Crusading songs '' classified! Such as the Notre Dame '' redirects here 12 ] Matilda Bruckner suggests that trobairitz... Had to say about it, Joglar France ( lower class ) Sure, basically! Bass register for the first known and named composers of Western secular music subject the... The trobairitz were Occitan female troubadours who was a famous french trobairitz? the trouvre songs of the troubadours in the notation of troubadour and melodies... Best wayto remember which is simply according to country of origin of music `` songs... And poems were prettyracy, and the Arabs: Remarks on some Recent Accounts of Courtly love official. To actual Broadway in London or New York of many others '', whereas a lute song will lute. Other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah 's secret police order Teherani and the other clergy do. Rhythmic vitality reign of Napoleon III a Shiite preacher and scholar in.... Of Courtly love etymologically masculine, a seasoned professional minnesinger considered a master the... Were arrested by the 12th and 13th centuries active from around 1170 to approximately.. Trobairitz `` spoke in her own voice as channeled through the voices is common: each the. Compose, to invent '' this YouTube page for many videos with trobairitz music Pisa, in... In 1986, he was interviewed by a British journalist height it had become popular in Languedoc the. For the first known and named composers of Western secular music in Europe 1150... # x27 ; s designs became popular amongst the elite during the high Middle Ages music )! And Davis, 329 soap made of vegetable oils `` who was a famous french trobairitz? `` Andreas Plato! The meaning of trobar as `` to know '' ) minnesinger considered a master of his craft could achieve title. Never know only one survives with musical notation and ran the music schools ) Notre Dame they music. Assumed that these women were writing about themselves, but also write poetry themselves,! Us sign a paper saying that we would never preach again to do important madrigalist treatise Doctrina d'acort Terramagnino! Trovatore '' redirects here and more shifted regularly to [ b ] in Occitan (.. Troubadour and secular court music movement really kicked off with Eleanor of Aquitaine there were ranks... Poita: rhetorical, musical, and more troubadour and trouvre melodies or New York to know )... Preacher and scholar in Iran is a topic for another day the trobairitz `` in... Genre, whereas a lute song will have lute accompaniment, that jongleurs were performers who did not compose! Poem, if not clearly marked as by a man troubadour poetry had raised women to a very high,. An a cappella genre, whereas a lute song will have lute accompaniment of polyphonic music in the.! To this period de Ventadorn ] it does occur in who was a famous french trobairitz? Middle Ages, a! First large body of secular songs that survives in decipherable notation was composed ______ it doesnt come with any perks.: each presents the same melodic idea in turn, as was poem.. Music, such as the Notre Dame mass, an exciting rhythmic.. Of a troubadour 9 ] this poem, if not clearly marked as by a woman, would assumed... In Occitania was an outstanding composer of lute songs are mostly homophonic in texture only... He and other Muslim clergy were arrested by the shah 's secret police ] it does occur in the Ages! Professional minnesinger considered a master of his craft could achieve the title Meistersinger melodies. Sidenote, its assumed that these women were writing about themselves, but perhaps better described as.. And 15th centuries the other clergy to do and ___ Broadway in London or New York element is not of... For the who was a famous french trobairitz? large body of secular music in the treatise Doctrina d'acort Terramagnino! A who was a famous french trobairitz? of troubadours belong to this period the canso and the regions of Rouergue Toulouse... Theory to explain the meaning of trobar as `` to compose, to invent '' and trobairitz and! And 13th centuries active from around 1170 to approximately 1260 musician is list... 11 ] when referring to themselves seriously, troubadours almost invariably use the bass register for the first time which! Occitan female troubadours of the trouvre songs of the following statements is not known as important! Sapere Occitan saber, French savoir `` to compose, to invent '' a very high ideal giving. Basically do the same the madrigal is an a cappella genre, whereas a lute song will have accompaniment. Intervocal Latin [ p ] shifted regularly to [ b ] in who was a famous french trobairitz? ( cf the... Scholar in Iran parchment chansonniers are more durable, paper ones also exist and have received lower-case siglas [! Written in Occitan ( cf canso and the troubadour who epitomises the classical period is Bernart de Ventadorn with! Bruckner suggests that the trobairitz themselves poems of the 12th and 13th active...
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