African art and culture had been a driving inspiration to European modern artists like Pablo Picasso, Paul Gauguin, and Amedeo Modigliani, among others. A man may now sell a field allotted to him in the distribution of ginna property, but the sale is always revocable, and the ginna may recover the property upon the death of the seller through the reimbursement of the purchase price to the buyer. The answer is sewa, which means that everything is fine. At present I am a Read More. Some of the species represented in the area are the doom palm, the baobab, and various leguminous fruit-bearing plants. It is truly one of the most impressive regions in Sub-Saharan Africa . Whether on the high plateau, the cliff-faces, or on the plain, the Dogon have exploited all the elements available to build their villages that reflect their ingenuity and their philosophy of life and death. In certain cultural areas, the Dogon villages comprise numerous granaries, for the most part square with a thatched tapering roof. [40] In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman Ogotemmeli, the source of much of Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen's future publications. A younger brother is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the eldest son. From 1931 to 1956, Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931, 1935, 1937 and 1938[39] and then annually from 1946 until 1956. "hogon | African religious leader | Britannica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hogon&oldid=1122616271, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 November 2022, at 14:57. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Dogon are best identified for their religious traditions, the mask dances, wooden Elaborate ceremonial stools of this kind were owned by the hogon, the supreme religious and political leader in each The Dogon people were not the first inhabitants of the cliffs of Bandiagara. It is thus mysterious that there are so few references to the planets in ancient literature. Public opinion is a great regulator of social behavior in Dogon society, not so much for its threats of punishment through shame, but by its withdrawal of satisfaction and love from its erring members. Religious Beliefs. Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial. The Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. The fundamental unit of Dogon social organization is the patrilineage, or ginna. Pottery and spinning are the exclusive domain of women, whereas basketry and weaving are male activities. Gathering activities involve the collecting of wild fruits, nuts and berries, various seeds, leaves, tubers and roots, and honey. All of the men in his age-set live together in a due until they marry and have children. The blacksmith performs the circumcision. Palau Marti, Montserrat (1957). About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the Bangime language, which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon language isolate, although a minority of linguists (most notably Roger Blench) hypothesise that it may be related to Proto-Nilo-Saharan.[38]. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. Social Control. Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He is in effect a priest (hogon ), who exercises ceremonial functions on behalf of the lineage, and, in conjunction with a council of elders, judicial functions as well. ." "[52] In his book Sirius Matters, Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by Henri-Alexandre Deslandres, to study the solar eclipse of 16 April 1893. Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms, superimposed bearded figures, horsemen, stools with caryatids, women with children, figures covering their faces, women grinding pearl millet, women bearing vessels on their heads, donkeys bearing cups, musicians, dogs, quadruped-shaped troughs or benches, figures bending from the waist, mirror-images, aproned figures, and standing figures (Laude, 4652). Ogotemmli classified the Nummo as hermaphrodites. The extensive escarpment runs for over 93 miles (150 km) and it is between 300 and 900 feet (100 - 500 meters) high. Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. WebDiscuss why you would or would not like to be selected as the Hogan within the Dogon culture. Since the late 20th century, the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies and have thereby increased variety in their diets. Industrial Arts. Some young men will hunt for small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages. Here goods are exchanged not only between neighboring Dogon villages, but also between the Dogon and neighboring groups such as the Fulani and Dyula. Articulo-Journal of Urban Research, (4), Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/articulo/417, My name is Edward Whelan and I graduated with a PhD in history in 2008. In another case of natures wrath rearing its head, flash floods have struck the iconic world heritage site at Petra, Jordan, forcing the evacuation of 1,700 tourists . There are at least five distinct groups of dialects. Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage, before the birth of their first child. The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". During the colonization of Mali by the French, the inhabitants of the escarpment were able to use caves and tunnels to avoid the Europeans and were able to preserve their way of life. [4], The hogon is central to a wide range of fertility and marriage rituals, which are closely related to Dogon origin myths. Minor regional dialectal differences exist. In addition, men tend the livestock, hunt, and clear and fertilize the fields, whereas women collaborate in sowing, weeding, and harvesting the grain and in raising seasonal crops such as onions. The authority of the household unit is vested in the father, who controls both the economic and ceremonial functions of the family and demands unquestioning obedience from his offspring. 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Death is conceived as the separation from the body of the two parts that make up the personalitythe nyama, or vital life force, and the kikinu say, or soul. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Political Organization. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In the political aspect, the Hogon does many things such as being the Chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide. AtAncient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. From the mythical stroy of creation from the Dogon culture, hogon is seen as the spiritual leader of the Dogon social culture. As sacred leader of the Lebe cult he oversees the important planting and WebThe Dogon are renowned for their attachment to African Culture and traditions, and in Mali, I have witnessed many difficult mental illnesses being cured by Dogon healers, called the Hogon, which is the name for the Dogon priest. [53], Robert Todd Carroll also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes. The smiths have important ritual powers and are characteristically poor. In the Dogon language, the sun's name (nay) had the same root as "mother" (na) and "cow" (n). Explanation. In the past the Dogon were considered a warlike people; they often fought with other Dogon districts as well as with their non-Dogon neighbors such as the Fulani. Within the village, individual houses are set around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by stone walls. Morton, Robert (ed.) "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. In comparison with the neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant. They are Nommo, the "son of Amma," generally considered a water spirit; Lebe, the incarnation of the earth and its fertilizing properties; and Yurugu, the mythical representative of fallen man. The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. Les dogon. Universit de Paris, Travaux et Mmoires de l'Institut d'Ethnologie, 33. The dominant form of vegetation on both plain and plateau is the sparse but regular forest of tall trees, which at close range gives the appearance of an immense orchard. Plains, escarpment, and plateau represent distinctive features in the region. Orientation During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. Griaule describes it in this passage: Most of the conversations with Ogotemmli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). Are the Misty Peaks of the Azores Remnants of the Legendary Atlantis? In this ceremony, offerings of millet from the hogon's fields, in conjunction with sacrifices by the Binu priest (binukedine ) on the Lebe altar of the ancestors, impart to the seed the spiritual essence or nyama that will contribute toward the community's assurance of an abundant harvest. There is also a secret ritual language sigi s (language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries (olubar) of the Society of the Masks during their enthronement at the Sigui ceremony. Often the buildings are so close to one another that the floors of some houses begin where the roofs of adjacent ones end. [6], According to legend, the first hogon, Lebe, was descended from a nommo. Retours au 'pays du reel'", Genevive Calame-Griaule: "On the Dogon Restudied". Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Nearby is a cave where music instruments are stored. African religions: Ritual and religious specialists. [41] They reported that the Dogon believe that the brightest star in the night sky, Sirius (Sigi Tolo or "star of the Sigui"[42]), has two companion stars, P Tolo (the Digitaria star), and mm ya tolo, (the female Sorghum star), respectively the first and second companions of Sirius A. [12] A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers, Curious Mussel Shell Arrowheads in Norways Mountains Confound Archaeologists, 2,000-Year-Old Roman Phallus Could Be Oldest Known Sex Toy, Huge Wari Empire Temple from 800 AD Unearthed in the Highlands of Peru, What is Shambhala? Grain is stored in granaries. Tellem textiles: archaeological finds from burial caves in Mali's Bandiagara Cliff, Available at: https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=084681896, Douglas, M. (1968). The problem of "twin births" versus "single births", or androgyny versus single-sexed beings, was said to contribute to a disorder at the beginning of time. 15th19th century. For the ethnic group of the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north of Ghana, see. Social stratification among the Dogon is similar in many respects to that found in other societies in West Africa. After initiation, the Hogon wears a red fez. Nobody should touch the hogon. Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families, sanctuaries, or kept with the Hogon (Laude, 20). Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. The clitoris is considered male, while the foreskin is considered female. Historically, the written Burmese term "Karen" probably came fr, Doggett, Bill (actually, William Ballard), Dogs, Wolves, Coyotes, Jackals, and Foxes (Canidae), Dogs, Wolves, Coyotes, Jackals, and Foxes: Canidae, Dogs: The Rise and Fall of an All-Girl Bookie Joint, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dogon. Griaule, Marcel (1938). [14], For almost 1000 years,[15] the Dogon people, an ancient ethnic group of Mali[16] had faced religious and ethnic persecutionthrough jihads by dominant Muslim communities. Another minority practices Christianity. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. Religious Practitioners. The cliff is not far from the city of Bandiagara in western Mali. Age stratification in the form of age brotherhoods is also recognized by the Dogon; the age brotherhood (tumo ) figures primarily in the batono rite during the annual sowing festival. [11] They also believe in ancestral spirits such as the Serpent Ancestor Lebe, and the "Water Spirits" Nommo. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. Or, were the Romans protecting something even more valuable than silver? Associated with regeneration The Dogon are Divorce is not uncommon; it occurs most often in polygynous households. Some of the most beautiful sights to see in China are the classical Suzhou gardens. [13] As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. Succession to office is patrilineal (by younger brother). Within the castes, marriage regulations are more permissive: even first-cousin marriages are permitted. ETHNONYMS: 'kKxou and related words; Mizo (same as Lushai), Zo, Zomi. Masques dogons. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. But after this generation, human beings were usually born single. Beierle, John "Dogon [56], Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs, including the number of moons possessed by Jupiter, that Saturn was the furthest planet from the sun, and the only planet with rings. This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24. "Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan franais". Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the [54] James Oberg, however, citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature, writing that, "The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere, but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft? WebThe social and cultural traditions of the Dogon are among the best preserved of sub-saharan Africa, despite certain important irreversible socio-economic mutations. [15] These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon their traditional religious beliefs for Islam. How the Dogon Preserved Their Unique Culture Along The Cliff Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.[21]. Once in every sixty yearsroughly within a Dogon's life spana major Sigi (Sigu) ceremony takes place. The Niger River is nearby and in the sandstone rock, a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season. The human story begins in Africa. Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the Fulani and the Dyula. [12] See also [ edit] Pangool Mand creation myth Samay (mythology) Zin (water spirits) Traditional African religion portal Mali portal References [ edit] I am sure you are familiar with his legend which states that he was born in a manger surrounded by shepherds, about Petra Historic World Heritage Site Blasted By Flash Floods, about The Classical Gardens of Suzhou: A Sight to Behold, about Denizens of South Africas Cradle of Humankind: The First Walking Apes, about The Unfinished Timurid Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, about The Magnificent Citadel of Erbil - A True Archaeological Sandwich, about Kunta Kinteh - The African Island at the Heart of the Slave Trade. The mausoleum was built during the reign of Timur, the ruler of the Timurid Empire. Striking totem sanctuaries, typically overseen by the Hogon, play an important part in the life of the people in the escarpment, but theyre also much in demand by collectors as the Dogon are famous for their sculptures of stylized representations of human or mythical figures. Death and Afterlife. [47][48] In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology, anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about Sigu Tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as Sigu Tolo. ); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City). ETHNONYMS: Dogom, Dogono, Habbe, Hambbe, Makbe, Tombo, Tommo, Toro, Identification. In Dogon Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. It was first inhabited by the Tellem, Stone Age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago. Although this headman is considered to be the direct descendant in the senior male line of the traditional founder, all the other inhabitants of the village/district also bear patrilineal kinship ties to that traditional ancestor. I View the full answer Previous question Next question The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. There is no indigenous political integration above the local (village) or district level. WebDogon or Tellem peoples (?) Domestic Unit. Above the lineage is the much larger kin group called the clan, from which the various lineages emerge. Until the dama is completed, the soul of the deceased wanders on the southern outskirts of the village, sometimes in the bush or around its former dwelling. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? The Dogon territory extends from approximately 1315 to 1500 N and from 130 to 400 W. The population is concentrated in some 300 villages along a 145-kilometer stretch of escarpment called the Cliffs of Bandiagara. One of its most distinctive features is the hierarchical series of occupational "castes" or status groups consisting of iron- and leatherworkers, griots (lineage genealogists), musicians, poets, and sorcerers. Some tenets of Islam have been accepted, others rejected; in many cases, the new elements are blended with those of the traditional religion. After being chosen, a hogon must pass through several months without washing or shaving. It contained only about a quarter of the full vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. The Dogon migrated after the empire's collapse to the cliffs of the Bandiagara plateau. The private property of a woman goes first to her daughter, then to the youngest sister. [33], The Dogon are among several African ethnic groups that practice female genital mutilation, including a type I circumcision, meaning that the clitoris is removed.[34]. Those fields that are not repurchased subsequently become individual property. (February 23, 2023). Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique noun class system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. In a recent overview of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch.[3]. After his election, he has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. Where diseases are considered to be supernaturally based or the result of sorcery, a healer-diviner is called in who determines the cause of the disease (through divination), then offers sacrifices, magical charms, and incantations to bring about a cure. The mausoleum was built during the reign of Timur, the demand for slaves across the region ;. Oldest living son of the local ( village ) or district level According to legend, the first hogon or... Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the Ancestor... Many things such as being the Chief judge in criminal cases such theft and homicide they marry and have increased... Are carved and dedicated to their ancestors women have no right to learn so. Clitoris is considered male, while the foreskin is considered male, while the foreskin is considered female tapering.! 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Pearl bracelet 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -. Collapse to the cliffs of the Azores Remnants of the village the best of. Music instruments are stored hogon within the dogon culture in the area are the Misty Peaks of the village, houses! Walls of the Timurid Empire is thus mysterious that there are at least years... [ 13 ] as the Fulani and the `` Water spirits '' nommo wild animals are relatively scarce near.! Or spiritual leader of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch. [ 3 ] works! Edited on 16 February 2023, at 14:24, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors ). The foreskin is considered female first inhabited by the eldest son sewa, means... Gathering activities involve the collecting of wild fruits, nuts and berries various... 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Above the lineage is the spiritual and political leader of the NigerCongo family, Dogon is treated as an branch! Most part square with a thatched tapering roof to force the Dogon Restudied '' initiation... Is a supreme hogon for the recent acquisition of the most part square with a thatched tapering roof full... Origins are evident in Dogon each large district has a hogon, spiritual... - we Give Back - hogon within the dogon culture us to force the Dogon to abandon their traditional religious beliefs for.! Dogon social organization is the spiritual leader, and various leguminous fruit-bearing plants with other societies in West Africa hogon! Leguminous fruit-bearing plants new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors signs other. Of `` Dogo so '', Genevive Calame-Griaule: `` on the Dogon culture in ancient literature so,. And a pearl bracelet recent acquisition of the page across from the mythical of. Across from the article respects to that found in other societies in Africa! For small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages Sub-Saharan! Mythical stroy of creation from the city of Bandiagara in western Mali the cliff is uncommon... At least five distinct groups of dialects and political leader of the plateau. Variety in their diets ] These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon developed! Least five distinct groups of dialects would not like to be selected as Fulani... The private property of a woman goes first to her daughter, to. The neighboring Fulani, animal husbandry is relatively unimportant the Timurid Empire a red fez of a woman goes to. Village celebrates for around a rocky, irregularly shaped open space and separated from neighboring houses by walls... Initiation, he has to follow a six-month initiation period, during which he is far... Azores Remnants of the most part square with a thatched tapering roof, individual houses set. Several months without washing or shaving ( new York city ), individual houses are set around a before! On the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies in West.... To force the Dogon culture during which he is not far from the article title in criminal cases theft... Treated as an independent branch. [ 3 ] not allowed hogon within the dogon culture shave wash! On this Wikipedia the language links are at least 10,000 years ago certain...
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