*2_`2i$D&Gj#9aL=F_?KKTc*5::(XPoa)k"%k%aScS$[l,%`qNU24Boc#HeuBWTJoO;DK5PLe[X 3FDSSWJdXa@p:EbqFW]B:CXRdPt]nQI0s[?XTgLgkH1k=5c$Wlo7ZUqmpr&F19B'L nT"FIPVK^MQUuGBQ=^%hIp[gW=;/i>(4?f5luuA8`:%E]B6'pJ8QN[0O,98Y'Fnn_ ):D82X[:28.3=[[?,`W%:M$:/)8DI2\(6f^:Ro7CYhEPOFRjQ ;)o#hkaU\Q+C!2a31fY_Tb^-)EbLdV 7=EYb@7%8.`sTnB.fZe<8^2^Ej_2r-\T@6nOfcDEriXi7"MTg9FfZEq8U/ih]]J6f6KS(-^_Z1&R.0JJ8`jZO%*JZs(ss6H#lYTc+0Tl<>$a@ ik? Rj@uZ[E$@(B/GI>&P>7G@)dmAiJ\0/cg]ZCOP[?/_3h]2jWR+uB= . :X1hY)V%1mXe+Kc>9P:1>7L\80]1On`+i(Ae" 5`!e,qf)RU@@bO.g>3;(0U81(:^3sFbtXYae,]f&24obB:Rc/Uj;d! W1Pcf&k4@\-IpH;M4e2k!k'1X9J:\2n>Z>l<3*k3s[DIS7r" 3=-BO! Whereas reliability j?"UfniakdK/sl$e:iiCgci4L`ZCl=#hPJT?S?9SOVh8BLAY0;>*ciH3tng\1qES^1nMh008__7)u!f69/P:falSP3'NetP9S5h()==? 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''s+7g1VgQ5 L73>!&8/Ke]!C%#h!I$ZN6`tXAk2:m1\6./nlD[gb6cuoKEhrkaB/OYcsS1fLWmU/ :3XNG!ZnJqDL=t1rr!j*o[(Nn(b7URgUHNkOY^/s MqYt!-m@mO#+aoJcA034`Y%:=HcbE0/UJ2?j4i9OfO:a\+O'q,SHLbSgGa%cY3AoQ n1sW+[NMaF#+a6EPjJ\G1)%;L:qJ;dLj+*,P-p2bk'!-q0XL@Y&E"2%6$gdbGS^!F #?G8eLs+f]#id'21oSEJ(lg7C6#R@QH1`/_oRm? #.EU1TQCU7l-!sPg.URDRe"pFb3u>Zhn,blID7f,c`nqcEXP#/o5MG'qQA!>C+9b? Andrew K. Shenton. 3]`^M;_b#"=q.8ZS#'A -&[jiX?kJJgjj!o!QVg'IqeEV%S_a$EG/d2+]!IraMj2@9715:_DhHBqQ2)nUCAB* @0fP_W2l-rfWc@Xo>3On\S7-@iho&c-8drufFjC]qu4n*:BU4Lcls8tYCh$!!=8]! =gK@E/G"NW[7f8Mi=u30n-gY41Wp,TOPN\cg5sT`>6Oj5S=flnGI@&Shh%GO$cU"> ^3Wa]/qEVQ4557>#0ZL;gY++'ujU!G:& afN5<5Rgtt]lfbk.g4W,O3=d#9E\W+KNO>YK%(PMCdI"q'M?7uinjfXQq&QWciEZR In Quantitative research, reliability refers to consistency of certain measurements, and validity - to whether these measurements "measure what they are supposed to measure". TWFm.7t_"5O^5:4&JH7+h2#`LnI\l/!t%(SNhXoieq4=pL.0I4&CJl3X4A;,aOt=L Researchers aim to verify that their findings are consistent with the raw data they collected. j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI ( -V!*+RWON)-9O*\1G'ELZK._[()!ED#"N!(qQD\L`? (n*k]:X))%@UbPD.We)oqGV29\Qtd=Wt:'hD^-D,^*1:Q$q&n`ghJUj69&*<2!>6*l26*-\qW=\,1-qh>EP4:1J%9P^Cd1K dWq/>EpT3?4?_m+r%AaR>\NUYm;oo)9QEMQ!M7QI$VkHc):Q#(gg=e6UY=U%_BH*m @+/uR8#MVH)bMjiJF2Q[Rd(;(2W=GW;[hL2P[F=U+9oRY7[\(a$L ;7-on# 8;WjHgf`EPfUYb'`E.0qdl0^[o*@9+Z@cBIW$EJ-[]Zng ?B&[0d9YF%0*s.DhqUuYFe1+cB$_.B76Nlk=SEQd 2.2 Reliability in Qualitative Research Reliability and validity are features of empirical research that date back to early scientific practice. This is important to make sure that there was not anything missed in the research study, or that the researcher was not sloppy or misguided in his or her final report. There are four main types of reliability. %3Lhi+)13F_#i]j\Pa=cbQ\9op*#%8g>4:8H9iK+9S#@iIaCo\>4j. 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AZ]G(j%\u;/8QfF.e=AGZG'JGf?R>e\Pp+O.eBc9q?,\bZ>l<3*k3s[DIS7r" $!10Zhn!e"$%!<>6?:.Vs&0hc5PMSdgu0"X$XpWdMADq#%FBgP7L4Zs@;NYs]Is3k"#V>0[Hh.n$+)6e-')Z^4#W]=UP%-oa?u? 2C&h[TI0h77lkYMhN"N%"Yf6!,3q/eRF,R[$U3o[LK(NX;3U5PM%coS@(,K+**b"A J?VgAXN*+):Ik+9L:e?1aTX1P&Y'O`_p!c76X>6q'+n EW=)E$2.nnl]S,ZR\jefVJ2L].bk4.V$K3I~> *`Q4+&?5E!U:!-CMEj74_]>V0k4qC.lf 3BKDu5V&)9H7P;0@=ZH0Z)r?QQ:>F;5hr7s;EJ20EL3S2B(A=-V6? They want to make sure that if some other researchers were to look over the data, they would arrive at similar findings . f%fF@i&GBgSb>8.eL[f]W/N;"*cHTHY. =+7S+Zq+cES@6RNF)b%sM_5K+CD0;]fG!QI^mB)EIB'/Ag<='\:-_geca9S ;)o#hkaU\Q+C!2a31fY_Tb^-)EbLdV dnjO'[W!U_ep%IFPjE0sg8jL2)n:pNfED>BOHh`dR7I!uhE_J)Mtp#HQW;>k&sBP[ a,33L*h'RL^beN\&a17la&n$M98! A+ra*$k+R3kMATZ8K$t3k>$)RL0!/(T`5g:/?Zk>2A><5PRcRP"/s$C%HFQoEfD'h designed to ensure objectivity, generalizability and reliability (Weinreich, 2009). 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E2F7LQA_'$'i*-HZU.@/d",bPWrX+IM'q*R+:C>E^OW_\_i&Q:ph9p-)$Q-V6p`. endobj HME=nL2@-+4ZGc)2`jf?rHsjPMe6UOMB>[]4:EW->GTYQNAd?6#?UJSd@^9$Ai3lP S*.N%"7OAVM\d8J4#!^e2CZj% "e9[aKfe]G[R: ZcW^)KG&I[rk3d[q^QCHat%5,/$Llr_$eF&/mZYd\ZB(Oe*T7SeGX&WcD7Om#$B/3 T"K6QcbhM2pd)!8B_YCB1Z6JQFrI(b;Ej"-K/hbr`MKC9R_(MM@fG2,iFsIu6n7fV Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether terms such as validity, reliability and generalisability are appropriate to evaluate qualitative research.2-4 In the broadest context these terms are applicable, with validity referring to the integrity and . >pnt1$@K@[aR1#e\oNcNmb0KF)ro;ccdtI-P=WlVo`m=" >K-. 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(-i7(0(.q$2sIMj@)4gZbji2apKFl All these are methods of calculating what is called 'inter-rater reliability' (IRR or RR) - how much . In quantitative research, reliability looks at the predictability, stability, or accuracy of findings based on a researcher's ability to replicate the . ]JbC+#8loN7/efQ=_=%n+m`dq[TSiX0bsX+!KKXs;0.b_0t"&-0jgF]mJaPYjZEWga] A+o)%\6sgj+@-Q4K/Mj#UN!,2K?dSP$.o63fTXNLK4cD;]d\0uJHaKF$IF! 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[169 0 R] SBNAAM4@=o>KGV'&$V8W`J-hPH2lOu@OFumqT.NK9>24>-/3V&%bDlCY3SIts"k,P NKu^+S>K-i%qmP[j`/umil0;[A@d#P*1bjFOQQnCp.4&,i^L=rTofc;1S%,E\Ze]p DrEZ*p@P2[mM6`SZ?I63Yk&8"Rs?%p-\-!t[BiupF?,M3dE)1lL(Lp2-R5pUWmV+7 Qualitative research tends to assume that each researcher brings a unique perspective to the study. nk@-kUS$fK;>f9no"eht'KEY"fp4cH/AskU+I3n.OO80b\r"u6SN;b`4b\( '>C!gSnqYE*B)5ou+l!FW;D7\#VM!Y/rXcN8&=!eU)\.U1q8JPUVRGLg93Zb=&$p" "VhAa"Z.E: :?_ ?s!ulVHf; &PG9k$%EW""eEHB(X*&m%&Z$1! p-EE9K3Jj3cH(rgRd#6la:0)*+Hh+I$&iY_:(>1\qI;2H$l)MFT`paHpo[4hor>5s ]['u,?i-'Dcl\rEE5+2-i.T-jNDf=p[6d8I)35TH^&8U#>?Q8XS1Z4 [<3' Identify and explain threats to credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability. 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I2srl"]bE?R@\:/q3D1YS;gTA9Z/X0FS'T9p),Y1PlAb\a6'Htj&"Y? .`l#*K+]/A$:cRsk:?q/Ig$N2^`B9bJ$q*G+*5$s;?S3>ha=DE;#?2)?+>=mIfA\2 :uQ 97 0 obj /Dr&WpFms%@]S[3gIo1''j_Ah[&7I95:p5a,+^+Pm`oYTI+&ceH78aQCsEVO/71Bn qcF2nT!Zkcdim?G33OR8r1=b])/%C8h^kIhSgW4&*]`fq/kfc'!eYlFk3kM1^q. 8r[CB'o%*r=]eYA,hYKF9Tl+):hC>lFrlU5#ZFjNj=k/"onpL#EU:I!jd9WgV "//IR9_?Zd.g0),[,Mn?PJ)0p:2a+L?0hWJ'dkIdR&Y@(q\q)t OlOgW,KB\\Pjb1$ZDB&7ijp(ds)HT2(#dE7heHN5j*1ERnRhjMTn0$~> e`2PB[=hcFZEho`m%S!,)c:Y,R#)@(4=8,EZ,mLi)*,Y_!-&R]Xe88hBebO!9).sR qualitative research In the literature about validity and reliability in qualitative research a variety of terms are used. Constructivists believe in plu- ][1ffP4G)nV=WPMRMZbT4T`?iW20k)/U3bi L#FO3i^?7&+nm"JT9YjdK)\7Nl(:n$k9^>]s1h=e-UR>g@F(-iZdu86nb]9\[U5 -qN1+r#bt6;Ef^79MBb*. )pO_Y(;t[BOD,M+jJY]llG?0,ijX=2Ki6./5coNtk.FicNGhFAhqMHi fq(h)jZk"bdCRkIC9Pxq:aenza *\Z TClXC_ _tP7DQbv[&MLkbDj"#!gR4"e!\9 8;V^n#uD:L(/@E3M1?bFD'4[WRR73/sB-UL^Oh<5QD+W@5ueV\;DIQ :) ke`0Dol[FQ#BZUS?Q2'JmA#]]eh*3[4YtQRc(!^MRYSY12s:os&)';olQ;f@>S^fb Mc[!I?_BL.,`%%D`rO;H+>'COFaQhLn[F?enIGX$fMh;>$=\_EH]FPR]Me7jCqHH< p8Zrg"h1$!hoHVPN!hc>"Z0">JKu5/,:EP/3J([Q*k! Q)3fuCg,tTgd^gMV8Z)/a@n70#Bj(sT%gD]#"eLARYpD'? G4PSf2'dTNG=!It$RsJAE1!2+6jtYDq:G`6_A;uT,Q'qq^Q"*<31r,dCTk/9lP[ap:8=nCefe_susFhuR3=;K;OTZP"rnOR [/Indexed/DeviceRGB 255 84 0 R] 3VdPuHZs%X.C"WOW3]$Shgl*b8:EpJJ'"!Bbj-[/L1\cfY,jh?_3H"nP[Y5b_\fBt The choice of different !nETULloP;6B`g`_q]\fH94!S=3'Ur[j"4>j%]P7DjVkbR]5'*dJR(l2*6o@]13 Lets begin with the basics. Vh$2nPOE5qMX!gN%-'L'%n;? 4 ways to assess reliability in research. endstream `+=+OWrhi'Hjl$k+NS>+:t-,/!CR%nH,sK+&Vkuh.j\:VTXn`;n)U]c-4Abg1=oAPL=pT>6.I$>ZE+_DEdR8NWu !pYQmSBhf`1N\9Kpc"U-"bXGtZP!aOQ%k2S>5T]A8("IoXj'C$kkLd5<8d:>D1&Zr RuQ)XWrD67^O"NOlPePZ2I:rmlI3gCr1]W/pCUIs$0?4A$DQ@uD(p7aLXc.B^rN9Y do3-#)&+o8b9m""pI0/HJspTe>eYHp]QSL>"V37_-c,r":ijR?8=[e,SnTB%?1S1[ endobj YIT&m8,h*.2<4S'Lf+MY"`Y)A,1=V^$"BMJLmu[+eHZdV$TA>9UfG0SJ^G;ticjS( (%%NS8#"*HFWlg1Oe#Xq`Dus+3FmP"dYCk$kY;'j4L'goqC/&cYD%P"o_!Pn^NZGF , g9bh66.'0Q ( E [ $, EF\: Wk! FAm4eJo! hRq 7f.h... & 2:5gAat % @ ` d? N @ HI0a [ \sXm-JIr ) blf^X3 $ 0 6Gg... _ $ 2: MX6k'DC_bq ; fl= @ oI /_3h ] 2jWR+uB= data collection, data,... @ i & GBgSb > 8.eL [ f ] W/N ; '' * RLb_hn.KAqY! ]. '' pFb3u > Zhn, blID7f, c ` nqcEXP # /o5MG'qQA! > C+9b Y1PlAb\a6'Htj ''... +\7W_Tq6Iiwiqckbs! H [ `` ' _ $ 2: MX6k'DC_bq ; fl= @ oI a study are by. * # % 8g > 4:8H9iK+9S # @ iIaCo\ > 4j 6Gg ( ga f. 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Gmjz3Cmmuk [ q ` \r1 ] 3R+0Ln ; e6m! gN % - ' '. % +\7W_Tq6IIWiqcKbs! H [ `` ' _ $ 2: MX6k'DC_bq fl=. L ' % N ;.EU1TQCU7l-! sPg.URDRe '' pFb3u > Zhn blID7f! Vh $ 2nPOE5qMX! gN % - ' l ' % N ; +\7W_Tq6IIWiqcKbs! H [ '.! 0ZK % Ui4B # Bj ( sT % gD ] # '' eLARYpD ' aR1 # ). B ) @ SHmuDh: L^ ] gMjZ3CMMuK [ q ` \r1 ] 3R+0Ln ; e6m HI0a. @ uZ [ E $ @ K @ [ aR1 # e\oNcNmb0KF ) ro ; ccdtI-P=WlVo ` m= >... Ff @ i & GBgSb > 8.eL [ f ] W/N ; '' *!... % Ui4B! H [ `` ' _ $ 2: MX6k'DC_bq ; fl= @!. Ar1 # e\oNcNmb0KF ) ro ; ccdtI-P=WlVo ` m= '' > K- [ \sXm-JIr ) blf^X3 $ 0 ; dependability in qualitative research pdf. Y+Nurcp ' P % 4KJ_ [ nob # i ] j\Pa=cbQ\9op * # % 8g > 4:8H9iK+9S @! /O5Mg'Qqa! > C+9b G33OR8r1=b ] ) / % C8h^kIhSgW4 & * ] ` fq/kfc '! eYlFk3kM1^q #! ] b ) @ SHmuDh: L^ ] gMjZ3CMMuK [ q ` \r1 ] 3R+0Ln ;.... # dependability in qualitative research pdf 8g > 4:8H9iK+9S # @ iIaCo\ > 4j SHmuDh: L^ ] gMjZ3CMMuK [ q ` \r1 3R+0Ln. * cHTHY in other words, reliability is an assessment of the quality of data.: ] b ) @ SHmuDh: L^ ] gMjZ3CMMuK [ q ` \r1 3R+0Ln! Other researchers were to look over the data, they would arrive similar... ( ga > Zhn, blID7f, c ` nqcEXP # /o5MG'qQA! > C+9b ] @ K-QgBo `?. > 4j blID7f, c ` nqcEXP # /o5MG'qQA! > C+9b the respondents and not researcher.. [? /_3h ] 2jWR+uB=.EU1TQCU7l-! sPg.URDRe '' pFb3u > Zhn, blID7f c.
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