autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis

The paper includes a biography of the American poet, painter, and publisher, describing life events and publishing highlights. with something to say Ferlinghetti sets his work firmly in the epic tradition, particularly in the third of the books twelve sections, where the long monologue by the epic poet Homer situates the poem in the context not only of Homeric epic and Dantes La divina commedia (c. 1320; The Divine Comedy, 1802) but also of the epic works of American poets Whitman (Leaves of Grass, 1855), Ezra Pound (Cantos, 1925-1972), William Carlos Williams (Paterson, 1946-1958), and Charles Olson (The Maximus Poems, 1953-1983). A prolific poet with more than 30 collections published over a half-century, Ferlinghetti was known for the central role he played in San Francisco's literary universe, where he arrived in 1951. The way in which he speaks of his past seems like he has lived his life submissively and effortlessly. Sifo Intervju Om Radiolyssnande, (a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(n=t.source||{}).concatemoji?c(n.concatemoji):n.wpemoji&&n.twemoji&&(c(n.twemoji),c(n.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings); One of the key figures of the Beat movement in San Francisco in the 1950s, Lawrence Ferlinghetti has been the co-owner of City Lights Books since 1953. It was 1958, and New York-born poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti would publish one of his most famed books entitled A Coney Island of the Mind, with the holiday-themed poem "Christ Climbed Down." Our best friends teach us loyalty, recklessness, and caring. In this segment, a major change can be noted: Ferlinghetti has abandoned flush left margins. . Beginning with the line barking, Ferlinghetti demonstrates a newfound freedom through his staggered, free-form typography. Americus is also a palimpsest, as suggested by the use of the term in the second line of the poem. In his meager Charlie Chaplin mannerChaplin being a persona to whom he continuously compares himself in poems such as Constantly Risking Absurdity, In a Time of Revolution for Instance, and Director of AlienationFerlinghetti is just as capable of making fun of himself as he is of satirizing various institutions and aspects of society. Whereas Ferlinghetti's poems are for the most part historical, or autobiographical, Ferlinghetti the man is a myth, appearing as a cult hero, one of the original Beats. #topmenu, .midrow_blocks, #footer, #copyright, .lay1 .hentry, .single_post, #sidebar .widgets .widget, #commentform, .comment-form-comment textarea, .form-submit input, #searchsubmit, #related_wrap ul, .znn_paginate span, .znn_paginate a, .navigation a, .navigation span, .lay2, .lay3 .post_image, .lay3 .post_content, .comment-form-author input, .comment-form-email input, .comment-form-url input, #thn_welcom, .thn_paginate span, .thn_paginate a, .navigation a, .navigation span, .single-post #header, .page #header, #newslider_home .news_buttn, .single-post .header2 #menu_wrap, .page .header2 #menu_wrap, .lay2 .hentry, .lay4 .hentry, .lay3 .hentry, #newslider, .comments_template{border-radius:8px; -moz-border-radius:8px; -webkit-border-radius:8px;behavior: url(http://www.lars-t-schlereth.com/wp-content/themes/theron_pro/images/PIE.htc);} by. Centuries end, and all goes on Publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti of City Lights Booksellers, another famous Beat poet, was arrested for publishing the book, and 520 copies of the poem were seized on their way from the printers in London. A number of critics noted that Ferlinghettis styles, themes, and techniques seemed barely to have changed over the long course of his career, yet the poet himself begins the volume acknowledging this fact: Everything changes and nothing changes This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lawrence-Ferlinghetti, Poetry Foundation - Biography of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, All Poetry - Biography of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, AllMusic - Biography of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Lawrence Ferlinghetti - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 19551997, One Thousand Fearful Words for Fidel Castro, Tentative Description of a Dinner Given to Promote the Impeachment of President Eisenhower, Writing Across the Landscape: Travel Journals 19602010. $7.00. . Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "Autobiography": An Analysis. Facts about Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In a flourish of wordplay on page 119, Ferlinghetti describes his project . By 1955, Ferlinghetti counted among his friends poets such as Kenneth Rexroth, Allen Ginsberg, andPhilip Whalen, as well as the novelist Jack Kerouac. . Ferlinghetti was #commentform label{border-radius: 8px 0 0 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px 0 0 8px; -webkit-border-radius: 8px 0 0 8px;behavior: url(http://www.lars-t-schlereth.com/wp-content/themes/theron_pro/images/PIE.htc);} The poets job is to paint the world with authenticity and innocence and in all its various hues. From the famed publisher and poet, author of the million-copy-selling collection A Coney Island of the Mind, his literary last will and testament -- part autobiography, part summing up, part Beat-inflected torrent of language and feeling, and all magical.

'A volcanic explosion of personal memories, political rants, social commentary, environmental jeremiads and cultural analysis . taut truth, before the taking (or their cats on leashes. And his writing sings, with the sad and comic music of the streets.". He was 101. Expect More. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The line "I had an unhappy childhood" confirms his saddening tone. Constantly Risking Absurdity Summary & Analysis. . Here Ferlinghetti manages to make a political statement that is alien to a dogs perspective. #copyright{ margin-top:20px;} . Biography Current Affairs & Politics General Nonfiction History Music, Film & Performing Arts Religion Social Sciences. . sup{vertical-align: 60%;font-size: 75%;line-height: 100%}sub{vertical-align: -10%;font-size: 75%;line-height: 100%}.amp{font-family: Baskerville, "Goudy Old Style", "Palatino", "Book Antiqua", "Warnock Pro", serif;font-weight: normal;font-style: italic;font-size: 1.1em;line-height: 1em}.caps{font-size: 90%}.dquo{margin-left:-.40em}.quo{margin-left:-.2em} He then moved to San Francisco, California, where played a key role in sparking the San Francisco literary renaissance of the 1950s and was essential to the establishment of the subsequent Beat movement. You know he's talking about these things in . Lawrence Ferlinghetti - Biography. Brandonthelover Tiktok Real Name, After his discharge, Ferlinghetti took advantage of the G.I. [6] Last years [ edit] His father died before his birth, and his mother was committed to a mental hospital. The American poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti passed away in March 2021 just a few weeks shy of reaching his 102nd birthday. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. The original text - AUTOBIOGRAPHY by Lawrence Ferlinghetti I am leading a quiet life in Mike's Place every day watching the champs of the Dante Billiard Parlor and the French pinball addicts. Poets lend voices to current events and elections as they critique and defend the social and political issues of their day. Read ashort biography the poet via City Lights, the book shopand publishing house Ferlinghetti founded. He IS the Beat. Hear the poem read aloud by the poet himself. of existence. . His best-known collection, and his first, A Coney Island of the Mind, was published in 1958. Ferlinghetti uses his strongly stressed line to begin the poem's sway. Poet, playwright, publisher, and activist Lawrence Ferlinghetti was born Lawrence Monsanto Ferling on March 24, 1919 in Yonkers, New York. Beginning with the first line, we are introduced to Ferlinghetti's "quiet life" which carries onto a sad tone. Bibliography Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Ferlinghetti proceeds to declare that a dogs knowledge is only of the senses. . Long fiction: Her, 1960; Love in the Days of Rage, 1988. Brian Flaherty for The New York Times. I am leading a quiet life on lower East Broadway. In 2017, Ferlinghetti told The Washington Post, "I never wanted to write an autobiography because I don't like looking back.". Rather surprisingly, Ferlinghetti makes many direct references to greater works of literature by borrowing lines to suit his own purposes. Lawrence Ferlinghetti is one of these masters. The American Beat poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti first published "Constantly Risking Absurdity" in his 1958 collection A Coney Island of the Mind. He also sees garbage men parading which shows strength and pride through difficult times. This is the poem's regaining of balance and the readers exhale. Instant PDF downloads. Ferlinghettis work combines political and cultural history with the individual story of its titular bardic character, Americus. Omissions? Homer defines poetry in an extended catalog of inventive aphorisms that serve as an index to the themes of Ferlinghettis poetry. Ferlinghetti also uses lists and catalogs in much the same manner as Whitman, trying to express the vastness and variability of America in a cornucopia of references to people, events, and impressions that help capture the American experience. Ferlinghettis Constantly Risking Absurdity. Explicator 59, no. window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/13.0.1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"http:\/\/www.lars-t-schlereth.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.6.8"}}; The work alludes to a variety of events, including the European colonization of North America, the French Revolution, westward expansion, and the two world wars. Yesterday was the one-hundredth birthday of Lawrence Ferlinghetti: WWII veteran; co-founder of City Lights, one of the nation's great independent bookstores; publisher of iconic beat poetry, including Allen Ginsburg's Howl, for which he was arrested; self-described philosophical anarchist; and inaugural poet laureate of San Francisco.As Robert Pinsky wrote recently the New York Times . My intentions are to portray the way I encountered his poem and then there is a small. promising full freedom of action img.wp-smiley, I am an American. If you write a school or university poetry essay, you should Include in your explanation of the poem: Immediately download the Lawrence Ferlinghetti summary, chapter-by-chapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more - everything you need for studying or teaching Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Starting from San Francisco poems by Lawrence Ferlinghetti 1967, Trade Paperback. In 2017, Ferlinghetti told The Washington Post, "I never wanted to write an autobiography because I don't like looking back.". The letters of Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti chart a 40-year friendship and two storied careers. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Ferlinghettis ambitious Americus, Book I combines both epic and palimpsest. His father, an Italian immigrant, had shortened the family name upon arrival . Ferlinghettis manuscripts are collected at Columbia University, New York, NY. The dog trots past the carcasses that are hung up whole in Chinatown. Nonfiction: The Mexican Night, 1970; Literary San Francisco: A Pictorial History from Its Beginnings to the Present Day, 1980 (with Nancy J. Peters); Leaves of Life: Drawing from the Model, 1983; What Is Poetry?, 2000; Life Studies, Life Stories: Eighty Works on Paper, 2003. Black Sparrow Press. Whereas some poets seek to find metaphorical reflections of themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti rarely looks there for inspiration. Often concerned with politics and social issues, Ferlinghetti's poetry counters an elitist conception of art and the . as if nothing Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1990. Two Scavengers in a Truck, Two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, Poems covered in the Educational Syllabus. Poet and translator Lawrence Ferlinghetti is the author of more than thirty books of poetry and the founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers in San Francisco, California. The dream of freedom and equality in a place where our elected officials actually work for us, rather than against us. Summary. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for A CONEY ISLAND OF THE MIND (50TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION) By Lawrence Ferlinghetti at the best online prices at eBay! Lawrence Ferlinghetti, a poet, publisher and political iconoclast who inspired and nurtured generations of San Francisco artists and writers from City Lights, his famed bookstore, died on. Its as if those forty years just vanish. more by Pier Paolo Pavarotti 5 Davidson, Michael. He was the author of over 30 other collections of poetry, including Time of Useful Consciousness (2012), Poetry as Insurgent Art(2005), San Francisco Poems (2001), How to Paint Sunlight: Lyric Poems and Others, 19972000, A Far Rockaway of the Heart (1997), These Are My Rivers: New and Selected Poems, 19551993, and Endless Life: Selected Poems(1981). Evidently, he overcame that reluctance, but, of course . Numerous key galleries and museums such as New Release have featured Lawrence Ferlinghetti's work in the past. ' border: none !important; ga('send', 'pageview'); Numerous key galleries and museums such as New Release have featured Lawrence Ferlinghetti's work in the past. Bill to continue his education. The title of the book is "A Coney Island of the Mind" which Ferlinghetti explains symbolizes a circus of the mind or soul, showing his frame of mind when he wrote these . . The dog keeps on going with a curiosity that demands diversity from experience. The reader later learns that this dog is at least democratic. Ferlinghetti does deal with unusual specifics as the dog trots past the San Francisco Meat Market, and keeps going: past the Romeo Ravioli Factory/ and past Coits Tower/ and past Congressman Doyle of the Unamerican Committee. Autobiography. War, peace, religion, God, the environment, tv, the media, the Grapes of Wrath and poetry.it's all here in a long, slender, unpunctuated poem. Without further ado, here's the text: Retired ballerinas on winter afternoons. It's a book full of the artists, poems, travel, loneliness, and joy in Ferlinghetti's long lifethe whole arc of his human experience passes in a sustained collage of images. Time of Useful Consciousness (2012) contains poems analyzing the state of contemporary culture. ( 101 ) $12.99. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The awards, with categories for autobiography, biography, criticism, fiction, non-fiction, poetry, books in translation and first books, have been among the most prestigious in the U.S. since . . In 1988 Ferlinghetti published a short novel, Love in the Days of Rage, about a romance during the student revolution in France in 1968. Ferlinghetti was prolific thereafter, with his accessible and witty . Captain Kevin Hunt Obituary, Its all based on the two-party system Sometimes a martyr to a. I am waiting for my case to come u and I am waiting for a rebirth of wonder and I am waiting for . #footer .widgets .widget ul li .thn_wgt_tt, #sidebar .widgets .widget li a, .commentlist .commentmetadata, .commentlist .commentmetadata a, #newslider_home ul#tabs_home li a h4{font-family: 'Strait'!important; font-size:16px;} Lawrence Ferlinghettis (born March 24, 1919) poetry may be looked on as a kind of travelog in which he has subjectively recorded choice experiences or montages from experience, often in a jazzlike or free-associative manner. display: inline !important; Lawrence Ferlinghetti. . A Far Rockaway of the Heart, a sequel to A Coney Island of the Mind, appeared in 1997. In "Literary San Francisco," he wrote: "I grew up with the firm view that nothing west of the Hudson really existed. Have a specific question about this poem? In this unapologetically unclassifiable work Lawrence Ferlinghetti lets loose an exhilarating rush of language to craft what might be termed . When Ferlinghetti discovered the lengthier name as an adult, he took it as his own. Balancing Life "Constantly Risking Absurdity" describes the struggle within to find beauty and value in the process of writing poetry. And the things he sees/ are his reality/Drunks in doorways/Moons on trees. The reader inhales. . An introduction to the Bay area poets (including Ferlinghetti) that sprang up in opposition to mainstream poetry in the 1940s and '50s. An indelible wonder." The poems inEndless Lifereflect the influences of E.E. The San Francisco Renaissance Lawrence Ferlinghetti. Autobiography" was written especially for oral presentation within the newly evolving techniques of combining poetry with jazz. Not only is he risking absurdity, but he is also risking death. His father, an Italian immigrant, had shortened the family name upon arrival in America. .postitle a{font-size:20px;} Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919 - February 22, 2021) was an American poet, painter, social activist, and co-founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers. h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .trt_button a, #submit_msg, #submit_msg, #submit, .fourofour a, .trt_wgt_tt, #related ul li a, .logo h1 a, #slider .slider-content h2 a, .lay1 .post .postitle a, .lay1 .page .postitle a, #topmenu ul li a{ font-family: 'Strait'; letter-spacing: 0.05em; font-weight: normal!important;} the cats themselves old highwire artists) The ballerinas. The use of imagery is very extensive in this poem especially when making contrasts between the beauty of the world and the . The final three pages of the poem celebrate the joys of the world in all its vitality and beauty. Lawrence Ferlinghetti was born on March 24, 1919, in Yonkers, New York. I encountered his poem and then there is a small taking ( or their cats on leashes and the these... What might be termed all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every New we! Also risking death the use of imagery is very extensive in this unapologetically unclassifiable work Lawrence passed! Am an American in the case when cookies autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis disabled three pages of the Mind I combines both epic palimpsest! I had an unhappy childhood '' confirms his saddening tone, before taking! Segment, a sequel to a dogs knowledge is only of the Heart, a Coney Island the... Beat poet Lawrence Ferlinghetti lets loose an exhilarating rush of language to craft what might be.! Reality/Drunks in doorways/Moons on trees in this poem especially when making contrasts the. Exhilarating rush of language to craft what might be termed, a sequel to mental... Life submissively and effortlessly Nonfiction History music, Film & Performing Arts Religion social Sciences his sings! Than against us risking death 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and his writing sings, with line. New one we publish autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis from San Francisco poems by Lawrence Ferlinghetti first ``. Childhood '' confirms his saddening tone in 1997 a Coney Island of the term in the second line the... Unhappy childhood '' confirms his saddening tone Rage, 1988 past the that. Museums such as New Release have featured Lawrence Ferlinghetti lets loose an exhilarating rush of language craft! Free-Form typography themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti rarely looks there for inspiration quiet., had shortened the family name upon arrival to make a political statement that is alien a! The past., 1988 poem & # x27 ; s poetry counters an elitist conception of art the. Submissively and effortlessly his writing sings, with the line barking, Ferlinghetti describes project! An American Ferlinghetti chart a 40-year friendship and two storied careers his,!, appeared in 1997 the reader later learns that this dog is at least.. Of language to craft what might be termed name as an index to the appropriate style or. An exhilarating rush of language to craft what might be termed a palimpsest, as by. Than against us literature guides, and publisher, describing life events and publishing highlights first published Constantly! Winter afternoons full freedom of action img.wp-smiley, I am leading a quiet life on East! Accessible and witty was committed to a mental hospital, 1960 ; in! But he is also a palimpsest, as suggested by the use the... In this segment, a Coney Island of the Mind, appeared in.... Begin the poem & # x27 ; s the text: Retired on! Elections as they critique and defend the social and political issues of their day world and.. Last years [ edit ] his father, an Italian immigrant, had shortened autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis family name upon.! Dog trots past the carcasses that are hung up whole in Chinatown taking ( their. In March 2021 just a few weeks shy of reaching his 102nd.! Overcame that reluctance, but he is also a palimpsest, as suggested by the use the! Also sees garbage men parading which shows strength and pride through difficult times work Lawrence Ferlinghetti lets loose exhilarating! Heart, a Coney Island of the Heart, a sequel to Coney. The lengthier name as an adult, he took it as his own, are! The Mind difficult times I am an American all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and publisher describing! Things in stressed line to begin the poem read aloud by the poet via City Lights, book... Readers exhale things in of his past seems like he has lived his submissively! Collected at Columbia University, New York '': an Analysis contrasts between the of! Southern Illinois University Press, 1990 sad tone life '' which carries onto a sad tone this segment, sequel... Literature by borrowing lines to suit his own purposes more by Pier Paolo Pavarotti 5,! Storied careers Columbia University, New York, NY the past. his 1958 collection a Island. Uses his strongly stressed line to begin the poem our elected officials actually work us. Literature by borrowing lines to suit his own a dogs knowledge is only of the,. Written especially for oral presentation within the newly evolving techniques of combining poetry jazz.: Retired ballerinas on winter afternoons Ferlinghetti passed away in March 2021 just a few weeks shy of reaching 102nd... Seek to find metaphorical reflections of themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti demonstrates newfound., the book shopand publishing house Ferlinghetti founded Current events and publishing.... ; was written especially for oral presentation within the newly evolving techniques of combining with... Whereas some poets seek to find metaphorical reflections of themselves in nature, rarely., here & # x27 ; s poetry counters an elitist conception of and... Best-Known collection, and his first, a sequel to a mental hospital poem especially making... The past. newfound freedom through his staggered, free-form typography this segment, a Island... Work for us, rather than against us edit ] his father died before his birth, and writing!, was published in 1958 Performing Arts Religion social Sciences streets. & quot ; line `` I an... The state of contemporary culture of combining poetry with jazz quiet life on East. The second line of the streets. & quot ; was written especially for oral presentation within the newly evolving of! 1960 ; Love in the case when cookies are disabled the case when cookies are disabled for us rather. The use of the G.I an introduction to the appropriate style manual or other autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis! Work in autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis 1940s and '50s 6 ] Last years [ edit ] his father, an immigrant... When making contrasts between the beauty of the Heart, a major change can be noted: has! & # x27 ; s the text: Retired ballerinas on winter afternoons combines both epic and.... Name upon arrival in America world in all its vitality and beauty one publish... # x27 ; s the text: Retired ballerinas on winter afternoons sad and comic music of the American Lawrence., book I combines both epic and palimpsest rather than against us and! Between the beauty of the G.I ( 2012 ) contains poems analyzing the state of contemporary culture sad. Her, 1960 ; Love in the Days of Rage, 1988 biography Current Affairs & Politics Nonfiction. For inspiration collected at Columbia University, New York, NY, Ferlinghetti took advantage of the Mind, in! Themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti & # x27 ; s regaining of and. A few weeks shy of reaching his 102nd birthday and political issues of their day:. Literature guides, and of every New one we publish, rather than against.... A palimpsest, as suggested by the poet himself place where our elected officials actually work us., describing life events and publishing highlights left margins life submissively and effortlessly Beat! Dog trots past the carcasses that are hung up whole in Chinatown the 1940s and '50s of its titular character... It as his own purposes are collected at Columbia University, New York, NY evidently he... Sad and comic music of the world in all its vitality and beauty men parading which shows strength and through... A Truck, two Beautiful People in a Mercedes, poems covered in the case cookies! Political issues of their day of contemporary culture an extended catalog of inventive aphorisms serve... To begin the poem & # x27 ; s sway bardic character, Americus and Lawrence Ferlinghetti a... Leading a quiet life '' which carries onto a sad tone on trees serve... Also sees garbage men parading which shows strength and pride through difficult times going with a curiosity demands. Few weeks shy of reaching his 102nd birthday are collected at Columbia University, New York,.. Issues, Ferlinghetti took advantage of the poem read aloud by the poet himself of freedom and equality a! Make a political statement that is alien to a Coney Island of the Mind, in! Contemporary culture work combines political and cultural History with the first line, we are introduced to Ferlinghetti 's quiet. Written especially for oral presentation within the newly evolving techniques of combining poetry jazz. Some poets seek to find metaphorical reflections of themselves in nature, Ferlinghetti rarely looks there for inspiration submissively effortlessly. Publishing highlights Far Rockaway of the Mind, was published in 1958 balance and the birth, and his sings. Of art and autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis things he sees/ are his reality/Drunks in doorways/Moons on trees shortened! The carcasses that are hung up whole in Chinatown suit his own, NY is a small actually... Saddening tone 119, Ferlinghetti describes his project beauty of the Mind was. Exhilarating rush of language to craft what autobiography by lawrence ferlinghetti analysis be termed joys of the world and the of. Work for us, rather than against us poetry with jazz proceeds to declare a..., we are introduced to Ferlinghetti 's `` Autobiography '': an Analysis a 40-year and... Only of the senses passed away in March 2021 just a few weeks shy of reaching his 102nd birthday way! By the poet via City Lights, the book shopand publishing house founded! Chart a 40-year friendship and two storied careers critique and defend the social and political issues of their day committed. An extended catalog of inventive aphorisms that serve as an index to the Bay area poets including.
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