He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. Herbert Kappler joined the Nazi Party on 1 August 1931 and joined the SS in 1933. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. On 19-04-1972, he married Anneliese Viktoria Wenger (born 1925), a homeopath and mother of three already grown children from a first marriage divorced in 1955 (including Eckehard and Ekkehard Walther, who was with her in Rome) In 1962, after hearing about Kapplers fate from a patient for the first time, she wrote to him and sent food parcels. Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) WWII had little effect on the Monsignors status in Rome even though Italy was part of the Axis powers. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. Kappler was never discharged and technically held this rank during World War II, although by that time Kappler was an active full-time SS member and exempt from further military service. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. 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By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Walter Ciszek as a fellow political prisoner in the Gulag complex located 300km above the Arctic Circle and known as Norillag. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. He was buried on the Soltau Stadtfriedhof, but Leif Stjerna found out that Kapplers removed the gravestone and put it in his garden and the burial ground looks now different. Kurtna, however, turned the tables on Kappler by stealing the top secret Sicherheitsdienst codebooks from his office during the chaos that surrounded the Liberation of Rome. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty and his organisation were a major obstruction to the brutal Kappler and his Gestapo during this period. In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. The Monsignor's activities covertly assisting Jews and other fugitives led both Kappler and his Italian colleague Pietro Koch to repeatedly plot O'Flaherty's kidnapping, torture, and summary execution in vain. Towards the end of 1934, on September 29, he married Leonore Janns who was the same age as Kappler (27 at the time) and came from the city of Heilbronn. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Herbert Kappler of the German Army carried out a massacre of Italian civilians at the Ardeatine Caves near Rome on March 24, 1944. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Following the end of the war, Kappler stood trial in Italy and was sentenced to life imprisonment. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase, Kappler, a chain smoker, weighed less than 105 pounds at the time and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? During Kappler's probationary period, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, meaning that Kappler did not have the "honor" of full SS membership prior to the Nazis' assumption of power. During his teenage years Hugh was a talented student and golfer . Photos:Kappler -United States War Department, Public domainvia Wikimedia Commons. [5][10], Meanwhile, Kappler's moles inside the Vatican included an Estonian national and former Byzantine Rite seminarian from the Russicum named Alexander Kurtna, who worked from 1940 until 1944 as a translator for the Vatican's Congregation for the Eastern Churches. Kappler was next entrusted with Jewish roundups for transportation to Auschwitz; in his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported with only 16 surviving, and Kappler would later arrange the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom would eventually perish in Nazi gas chambers. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 9 (Reuters)Herbert Kappler; a_convicted Nazi war criminal, died of stomach cancer here today, six months after- a daring escape from a Rome military hospital. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. This function has been disabled for WW2 Gravestone. Kurtna was last seen in 1948 by Fr. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. In 1922 OFlaherty was sent to Rome to finish his studies where he was ordained three years later. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. A particularly detested adversary of Kappler's was Irish Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty of the Sacred Congregation De Propaganda Fide. He was head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Did Herbert Kappler become a Catholic? This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. Irmgard was born on December 9 1908. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). (Photo by Stefano Montesi/Corbis via Getty Images), 2001 x 2880 px (6.67 x 9.60 in) - 300 dpi - 1 MB. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. Asked by the TV interviewer whether approval had perhaps not come from the wrong (political) side, she said she was not interested where approval came from. Grow your brand authentically by sharing brand content with the internets creators. Kappler's activities between 1929 and 1931 are little known, except that he was living in Stuttgart, occasionally performing work as an electrician. After serving as an SS-Anwrter from December 1932 to May 1933, Kappler was appointed an SS-Mann and assigned the SS membership number 55,211. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=7681127, German military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). While serving his sentence in prison, Herbert Kappler divorced his first wife and married his nurse, Anneliese, in 1972. what happened to hercules after he died . He next attended a technical college and spent seven semesters studying electrical engineering. Toget about, he donned various disguises, hence his nickname the Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican. It came from a book about an Englishman who disguised himself to help French nobility escape the purges of the French Revolution. In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. In 1934, O'Flaherty received the title of Monsignor. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931and the SSin 1933. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. Retrieved from Wikimedia . [2], Due to Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him. She also denied receiving financial aid for the escape from any group, but admitted, during a TV interview, that she had received money from various groups representing former SS members. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. For his role in several atrocities, including the Ardeatine Massacre (the slaughter of 335 civilians in the Ardeatine Caves), the Nazi chief was sentenced to life in prison. By 1929, he was a certified electrician, still living in Stuttgart. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. OFlaherty did not just hide POWs. Obersturmbannfhrer Herbert Kappler in 1946; By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. Arrest and Later Life. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. The man in charge of the Nazis was Herbert Kappler; head of the SS and Gestapo in Rome. Upon leaving the SA, Kappler was accepted as a prospective candidate into the Schutzstaffel (SS) and appointed to the entry level probation rank of SS-Anwrter. In 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. On a prison visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed less than 105 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. He also testified that he had selected as his victims Italian criminals, civilians accused of crimes and Jews. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. Statis. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. The Italians unsuccessfully demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly due to his ill health. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Over the years, the two developed a strange friendship. The Italians demanded that Kappler be returned, but the West Germany authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Hugh O'Flaherty was born to James and Margaret O'Flaherty in Lisrobin, Kiskeam, County Cork, Ireland, on February 28, 1898. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. In these measures, Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, which was highly suspected of harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. It was a large and prestigious establishment, owned by an uncle. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence; later, he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler . He had served 30 years of a life term imposed by an Italian military tribunal in 1948 for the reprisal killing during World War II of 335 hostages, including 57 Jews. In 1977 he escaped from a Rome Prison hidden in a laundry basket, and was spirited away to Germany, by his recently wedded wife, whom he had married in Prison in 1972. At the same time, he became a stormtrooper in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and served as an SA-Mann from August 1, 1931 to December 1, 1932. He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. He would never join his diocese. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. In 1937, Kappler (now an SS-Oberscharfhrer (staff sergeant)) was sent by his Gestapo superiors to attend the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolzei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin from which he graduated in the summer of 1937 as a certified Kriminalkommissar (Criminal Commissioner). Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. Hugh OFlaherty, who often visited Kappler in prison, discussing literature and religion with him. I recommend you watch his trial here. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. See the article in its original context from. Anyone can read what you share. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. Both Capponi and Bentivegna had grown up under Benito Mussolini's dictatorship. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). iie. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. Now he was practically in charge of Rome as. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. Herbert Kappler. Kappler ordered a white line painted at the entrance to St. Peters Square to delineate the boundary between the Vatican City and the rest of Italy. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . Collect, curate and comment on your files. What happened to Herbert Kappler? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. There was a great sense of letting go." . Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. The two lived at an address on Tbingern, Kurzestrasse 15, before later moving to an apartment listed at Stuttgart-Degerloch, Reutlingerstrasse 98. It was later performed live under the name Kingfishers Catch Fire.[21]. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Instead, in 1918 he enrolled at Mungret College; a Jesuit school which trained missionaries. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. By using this website we assume that you agree with this. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. The West German authorities refused to return Kappler because of his poor health and he died at home 6 months later. He also coordinated the rescue of downed pilots, providing them with food, medicine and safe houses throughout Italy. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Maelzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. During his childhood, Kappler witnessed World War I, and came of age in the Weimar Republic during the 1920s. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. On a visit in August 1977, Kapplers wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about (104 pounds at the time) and escaped to West Germany. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. By this time Kappler had also converted to Catholicism, partly due to the influence of his war-time opponent, the Vatican diplomat Mgr. He would be Kapplers only visitor until 1959. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. Therefore, he was allowed to visit POW camps throughout Italy. Fritz was born on February 23 1876. Kappler was also never affiliated with the Waffen-SS and spent the war performing "behind the lines" police and security duty. During this action, he demanded 110 pounds of gold from the Jewish community in Rome, which he later claimed was an attempt to prevent the round-up and the deportations. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. Soon after his arrival here, West German authorities stationed guards near the Kappler apartment, which is above pharmacy, explaining ,that they wanted to prevent any group from killing him or taking him back to Italy. 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. He was described as a model prisoner, interested in music, theology, reading and meditation. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. In his first action, 1,023 Italian Jews were deported, of whom only 16 survived. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. With a portion of Italy under German occupation, those POWs were at risk of being recaptured. Ardeatine massacre, Kappler successfully what happened to herbert kappler first wife 50 kilograms of gold ( 110 lbs. s fascist police converted Catholicism. ( 23 September 1907 9 February 1978 ) was a key German SS and! Training college three years later a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in box. Prison, discussing literature and religion with him his Funeral, https: //www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html crimes! 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